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The National Commission on Police Reform (Spanish ''Comisión Nacional para la Reforma Policial'', CONAREPOL) was a 2006 Venezuelan national commission which, in consultation with police and local communities, examined law enforcement in Venezuela and proposed reforms.〔''Venezuelanalysis'', 3 April 2009, (Human Rights and Police Reform in Venezuela: A Venezuelan Perspective )〕 The Commission was made up of ministerial officials, state governors, National Assembly representatives, academics, researchers and civil society representatives.〔 It consulted with all national sectors, including business and community leaders, commissioned studies and consulted international experts on police and police reform.〔 "The Commission undertook extensive consultations with the police (through workshops, questionnaires, and interviews) and the community (meetings, suggestion boxes) and gathered an unprecedented amount of data from state and municipal police agencies, while also conducting a national victim survey."〔 CONAREPOL's findings presented a shocking but, to Venezuelans, familiar picture of widespread police corruption, extrajudicial killings, lack of equipment and training, and, a lack of basic elements of good police practice such as an operational manual for police procedures. CONAREPOL reported in January 2007, with proposals for reforms.〔 The Commission recommended a new model of policing,〔 with a greater emphasis on crime prevention and cooperation with local communities, and that the police should be specifically trained in human rights.〔 The Commission recommended the creation of a new national police force with high professional standards in order to implement the new model.〔''Venezuelanalysis'', 30 March 2009, (Crime in Venezuela: Opposition Weapon or Serious Problem? )〕 This led to the setting up of the Bolivarian National Police in 2008 and the Experimental Security University in 2009 to provide the recommended training. In the first six months of operations, rates of murder and robbery fell around 60% in the pilot areas the National Police was active in.〔Venezuelanalysis.com, 23 July 2010, (New Police Force Reduces Crime )〕 ==Background== In 1958 Venezuela overthrew the dictator Marcos Pérez Jiménez, but for much of the 1958-1998 period the criminal justice and law enforcement system established under Jiménez and the earlier dictator Juan Vicente Gómez was not substantially reformed, and "the criminal justice system remained a blemish on this image of democracy".〔Alguindigue, Carmen; Perdomo, Rogelio Perez (2008), "Inquisitor Strikes Back: Obstacles to the Reform of Criminal Procedure", ''Southwestern Journal of International Law'', Vol. 15, Issue 1 (2008), pp. 101-122〕 A small 1987 survey found that 74% of prisoners said that the police tortured them.〔 The police relied heavily on obtaining confession evidence, and for poor defendants a lack of effective defence lawyers "led to frequent convictions of innocent people".〔 Other aspects of the justice system conspired to make this worse: "Venezuelan criminal procedure crushed poor and uneducated defendants in its Kafkaesque gears."〔 Prisons were extremely violent, with a high probability of death or rape; and about 70% of prisoners were awaiting a judge's decision.〔 After some years of public pressure, 1998 saw the drafting of a radically reformed criminal law, which came into effect in July 1999.〔 According to one academic, these changes, which substantially reduced police powers of detention (although pressure from police chiefs and politicians later widened them somewhat), may have led to an increase in police violence.〔 The police's tradition of a punitive style of policing is reflected in a high rate of death from "resisting authority" - a concept which "is very vague and appears to be used to cover a multitude of incidents in which the police either kidnap and murder civilians, or shoot them in the encounter without any justification."〔 There were nearly 10,000 such cases between 2000 and 2005, and around two-thirds of these are classifiable as police murders, according to the Public Prosecutor.〔 These "resisting authority" deaths increased dramatically after the 1999 criminal law revision (by over 50% in 2000).〔 The 1355 civilians killed in this way in 2005 amounted to a death rate of 5 per 100,000 inhabitants〔 - higher than many countries' ''total'' homicide rate that year. Venezuela in 2006 had around 116,000 police officers〔 Roberto Briceño-León (2007), "(La policía y su reforma en Venezuela )", ''Revista Latinamericana de Seguridad Ciudadana'', 2, pp164-172.〕 amounting to a very high rate of around 426 per 100,000 inhabitants.〔 Law enforcement in Venezuela has however long been highly fragmented, with a number of national agencies, two dozen state agencies, and (since 1989) around 100 municipal forces. As a result, legislative projects for the creation of a national police agency had appeared in 1974, 1976, 1987, 1990, 2001, and 2004.〔 In addition, the police were widely seen as often corrupt and involved in crimes, and crime rates had been rising since the 1980s.〔 Trust in most police is generally low (particularly in Caracas, with some exceptions for municipal police of wealthier municipalities in Caracas), and only around a third of violent crimes are reported to the police, with half of survey respondents citing a lack of belief that the police would do anything.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「National Commission on Police Reform」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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